Changing the picture of Earth's earliest fossils (3.5-1.9 Ga) with new approaches and new discoveries.

Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits

The ca. 3.48 Ga Dresser Formation, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia, is well known for hosting some of Earth's earliest convincing evidence of life (stromatolites, fractionated sulfur/carbon isotopes, microfossils) within a dynamic, low-eruptive volcanic caldera affected by voluminous hydrothermal fluid circulation. However, missing from the caldera model were surface manifestations of the vol...

3.5-Ga hydrothermal fields and diamictites in the Barberton Greenstone Belt-Paleoarchean crust in cold environments.

Estimates of ocean temperatures on Earth 3.5 billion years ago (Ga) range between 26° and 85°C. We present new data from 3.47- to 3.43-Ga volcanic rocks and cherts in South Africa suggesting that these temperatures reflect mixing of hot hydrothermal fluids with cold marine and terrestrial waters. We describe fossil hydrothermal pipes that formed at ~200°C on the sea floor >2 km below sea level....

Appendix 1 List of fossils, described as new by Senowbari-Daryan et al. from the Permian and Mesozoic of Iran

FEASIBILITY OF PSO-ANFIS-PSO AND GA-ANFIS-GA MODELS IN PREDICTION OF PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION

In the present study, two new hybrid approaches are proposed for predicting peak ground acceleration (PGA) parameter. The proposed approaches are based on the combinations of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy System (ANFIS) with Genetic Algorithm (GA), and with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In these approaches, the PSO and GA algorithms are employed to enhance the accuracy of ANFIS model. To develop hy...

A New Method for Ranking Extreme Efficient DMUs Based on Changing the Reference Set with Using L2 - Norm

The purpose of this study is to utilize a new method for ranking extreme efficient decision making units (DMUs) based upon the omission of these efficient DMUs from reference set of inefficient and non-extreme efficient DMUs in data envelopment analysis (DEA) models with constant and variable returns to scale. In this method, an L2- norm is used and it is believed that it doesn't have any e...